## How to use DemoTools to construct an abridged lifetable

### What is the lifetable?

The lifetable is one of the most used tools in demographic research. It is designed to summarize the mortality profile of a population at a given point in time. In its simplest form, a lifetable is generated from age-specific death rates, and the resulting values give essential functions of mortality such as the survival function $$\ell(x)$$ and life expectancy $$e(x)$$ (Siegel Jacob and Swanson David 2004). Life expectancy is the most-used column of a lifetable. It expresses the average number of additional years that a survivor to age $$x$$ is expected to live beyond that age given the current conditions of mortality (Preston, Heuveline, and Guillot 2000). When measured from birth, life expectancy $$e(0)$$ expresses the average number of years a newborn from a hypothetical cohort is expected to live if he/she were to experience the current death-rates throughout his/her lifetime. One of the main advantages of the lifetable is that it gives a summary of the mortality profile of a population free of effects introduced by the size and composition of the population, allowing easy comparison between different populations.

### The column $$_nA_x$$

The column $$_nA_x$$ refers to the average number of person-years lived in the interval $$x$$ to $$x+n$$ by those who died in the interval. This is a key column when calculating period lifetables because it allows to convert from age-specific death rates $$_nM_x$$ to the probability of dying between ages $$x$$ and $$x+n$$ denoted as $$_nq_x$$. There are several ways to calculate this column. DemoTools provides two options to calculate this column from which the user can choose, PAS and UN. The PAS option relies on following the rule of thumb given by Coale and Demeny for ages 0, and 1-4, and assumes interval midpoints in higher ages. This choice relies on the fact that the lower the level of mortality, the more heavily will infant deaths be concentrated at the earliest stages of infancy (Preston, Heuveline, and Guillot 2000), and therefore the values of $$_1A_0$$ and $$_4A_1$$ depend on the values of $$_1q_0$$ and $$_4q_1$$ (Coale, Demeny, and Vaughan 1983). For age 0, there are two choices for the rule of thumb to apply: Andreev-Kingkade is the default, but the Coale-Demeny model pattern is also available. The UN option also relies on the Coale-Demeny rule of thumb for ages 1-4. For ages 5-9 onwards, it uses the formula developed by Greville (1977).

## Graduation as a lifetable step

Abridged lifetables can be constructed with their own consequential $$_nA_x$$ assumptions, or they can be constructed by single ages and make a simpler lifetables after graduation. In the latter case the $$_nA_x$$ assumption is partly outsourced to the graduation and partly simplified by assuming midpoints (usually). The basic idea is that graduation followed by single age lifetable will produce an implied $$nAx$$, which can be backed out. The alternative is to do something sophisticated to get nAx well behaved at the level of abridged lifetables.

## Closing the lifetable

An important step in the construction of lifetables is the choice to deal with the open-ended age interval. A standard way to deal with this final age group is by taking the inverse of the final $$_nM_x$$ as life expectancy for that age group. DemoTools instead offers variety of extrapolation methods implemented in the MortalityLaws package. For this, a desired open age must be specified, defaulting to the present open age group, but which can not exceed 110 in the present implementation. By default, the extrapolation model is fit to ages 60 and higher, but the user can control this using the extrapFit argument (give the vector of ages, which must be a subset of Age). By default extrapolated values are used starting with the input open age, but you can lower this age using the extrapFrom argument. The choices given in this implementation are: Kannisto, Kannisto-Makeham, Makeham, Gompertz, Gamma-Gompertz, Beard, Beard-Makeham and the Quadratic models. Documentation for these models can be found in MortalityLaws.

## Example with DemoTools

library(DemoTools)
library(DT)

#Example witn Mexican data from UN
nMx <- c(0.11621,0.02268,0.00409,0.00212,0.00295,0.00418,0.00509,0.00609,
0.00714,0.00808,0.00971,0.0125,0.0175,0.02551,0.03809,0.05595,0.08098,
0.15353,0.2557)

AgeInt <- inferAgeIntAbr(vec = nMx)

MX.lifetable <- lt_abridged(nMx = nMx, Age = c(0,1,seq(5,85,by=5)), AgeInt = AgeInt,
axmethod = "un",Sex = "m",   mod = FALSE)
MX.lifetable <- round(MX.lifetable,3)

datatable(MX.lifetable[,c(1,3,4,6,7,9,11)],
options = list(paging=FALSE,ordering=T,dom = 't'),
rownames = F,
caption = 'Lifetable for Mexican men')

In this output, the Age column indicates the lower bound of each age group. The column nMx are the observed death rates, usually result from dividing the deaths observed in a calendar year by the mid-year population. The nAX, as described above, indicates the average number of person-years lived in the age-group by those who died. The column lx refers to the survival function. If divided by the initial value, i.e. 100,000, indicates the probability of surviving from birth to a given age. ndx is the age-at-death distribution and Sx are the survivorship ratios. Finally, ex is the life expectancy. For this example, males in Mexico had a life expectancy at birth of 52.58.

## References

Coale, Ansley J, Paul Demeny, and Barbara Vaughan. 1983. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations: Studies in Population. Elsevier.
Greville, Thomas NE. 1977. “Short Methods of Constructing Abridged Life Tables.” In Mathematical Demography, 53–60. Springer.
Preston, Samuel, Patrick Heuveline, and Michel Guillot. 2000. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Wiley-Blackwell.
Siegel Jacob, S, and A Swanson David, eds. 2004. The Methods and Materials of Demography. 2nd ed. San Diego, USA: Elsevier Academic Press, California, USA.